Which weather factor is known to significantly affect takeoffs and landings?

Wind conditions play a critical role in both takeoffs and landings due to their direct impact on an aircraft's performance and control. Strong winds can create challenges such as turbulence, crosswinds, and gusts, all of which can affect the aircraft’s stability and handling characteristics during these critical phases of flight.

For instance, a headwind is generally favorable during takeoff and landing as it increases the airflow over the wings, allowing for effective lift at lower ground speeds. Conversely, a tailwind can increase the required runway length for takeoff and landing, potentially leading to longer distances needed for safe operations. Crosswinds add complexity, requiring precise control inputs from the pilot to maintain alignment with the runway.

While temperature variations, humidity levels, and cloud coverage can influence an aircraft's performance in various ways, the direct and immediate effects of wind are far more pronounced, making it a key factor for pilots to consider heavily during takeoffs and landings.